Peak Oil And The Olduvai Gorge

By: Andrew_McKillop

The Olduvai Gorge theory of Richard Duncan was that human society would be forced back to the anthropoid ape stage of evolution by peak oil and energy scarcity, and would live like Tanzania's "Lucy" the best known precursor or human ancestor, taxonomically called "Australopithecus afarensis", of about 2 million years ago. Duncan's angle, developed in the late 1990s, was that peak oil and energy resource depletion would firstly make inevitable, then speed up this retreat and defeat of Humanity, as human society was forced back to hunting and gathering. An Internet search with Olduvai Gorge theory will produce hundreds of responses.

Among the admirers of Richard Duncan and his "back to the jungle" theory, Britain's Prince Charles and the USA's Bill Clinton have surely consumed a lot of jetfuel kerosene as well as motor gasoline in their lives, to date, and kept away from hunter gathering, as shown by their ability to avoid paperazzi and photo opportunity hunters. They also kept Duncan's gory theory of mass human die off and backward evolution to hunting-gathering, due to Peak Oil and fossil energy depletion, out of nearly all of their speeches. As we know, certainly in recent years, the elite fear of peak oil has been replaced by global warming fear - as the best excuse to impose "world government", unelected of course.

GOOD BYE PEAK OIL
Duncan's theory was given significant media attention about 10 years ago, and was heavily cited by supporters of the US Gas Cliff theory, promoted by writers including Julien Darley and Michael Ruppert in 2004-2006, and by promoters of Doomsday energy shortage and oil soaring to $200 a barrel, such as Matt Simmons. The Gas Cliff theory, we can note, argued that gas resource depletion was running so fast, that US gas resources would be "practically exhausted" by about 2015. Today, we know that we face a towering cliff of unconventional gas resources - discovered since only 2007. Discoveries of unconventional gas march on and up, implying that probably 200 years, or more, of current world gas consumption are now available as exploitable resources, worldwide.

The keywords conventional oil and gas, and unconventional oil and gas, tell us all we need to know about global fossil energy for the next 50 years, at least. Peak Oil (PO) theory as developed by Colin Campbell, Jean Laherrere and Kjell Aleklett among others, only concerns conventional oil resource depletion, does not in any significant way concern gas resources, and also assumes that global oil demand and consumption can only rise.

The PO theory of the period 1998-2008, during which it had large media, corporate and even political support is easy to compare with M. King Hubbert's US oil depletion theory of the 1950s: this also was only focused on conventional oil resource depletion on the supply side, and ever-rising oil demand. Hubbert's theory however attracted little media interest or overt political support, but his theory very probably helped set US Middle East policy of the 1950s - still unchanged today. This is based on the notion of "incompressible dependence", and possibly near total future dependence on Middle East oil, due to "Soviet oil dependence" being (very) politically incorrect during the Cold War. Oil dependence on Soviet fundamentalists was supposedly a lot worse than depending on Islamic fundamentalists.

Hubbert's theory was in large part driven out of mass media not by geopolitical cherrypicking, but by the pace and size of oil discoveries in the 1950s and 1960s - world annual discoveries, each year, were often enough to cover more than 20 years of global oil consumption at the time - although US domestic oil discoveries were already declining. Hubbert's theory, we can note, had hard edged technocratic, even Soviet-style "organized society" ideas about how to control society in face of the coming oil crunch, for example by speeding up the development of nuclear power and of "emergency preparedness".

PO theory, post 2000, was in particular parasitized by ideological hotheads, such as Richard Duncan or Michael Ruppert who proposed 'draconian change' of society and the economy. Actual details on this "survival preparedness" were almost inevitably thin on the ground, but included the well-known, almost traditional call, in urban industrial society and culture, for a return to rural non-industrial lifestyles.

NEW CRISES
The mega-shift from global oil and gas dependence on conventional resources, to unconventional oil and gas resources, has only become so large it is impossible to ignore since about 2005, and especially since 2009. This in major part explains why PO theory's support and media attention has spiralled down, since at latest 2009. This shift relegates oil and gas depletion to an "historic theory" of the past, and has already been noticed, if not yet acted on by OPEC and NOPEC energy exporters who will have to learn to live with a vastly different global energy context featuring the convergence of energy prices, and lower prices for all forms and types of energy, either fossil or renewable.

In particular this concerns oil, with current (November 2012) prices still around 25% or $25 per barrel higher than any "equilibrium price" for oil energy compared with all other forms and types of energy. Very ironically and as I have pointed out in other recent articles, the elite fear of anthropogenic global warming and linked call for "elininating coal from the energy mix" (or forcing worldwide use of carbon capture and sequestration-CCS), implies continued high, or very high energy prices, simply to pay for this elite folly and policy dream.

In the US where shale gas development has slain gas prices, current prices stand at less than $20 per barrel of oil equivalent, a long way from the $80 - $90 per barrel equivalent charged by Gazprom for pipeline gas supplies to Europe, or by Qatar for LNG exports to Asia. The mega-shift in global gas pricing, towards much lower barrel-equivalent prices will also spillover to oil. Gas-indexing of oil prices is moving forward, stealthwise at present, making for the current total disagreement and lack of certainty among oil and energy analysts as to what "the right price of oil" might be, expect that it will be lower than current prices. Conversely, at least in thoery, coal prices might be raised in order to help finance global CCS, although this is currently unlikely.

Certainly in the 6-month short-term, unless the Middle East geopolitcal scene heavily degrades, which is unlikely but possible, and unless global oil demand "bounces", which is almost impossible, global oil stocks will tend to go on growing. Oil production capacity will continue growing (including both OPEC and NOPEC capacity), and competing energy supplies at much lower prices, especially gas and the renewables will also go on growing. This however is only the "rational outlook".

The irrational-but-possible outlook, supposedly "contrarian" is that the need for high-priced oil, by the global financial, trading, asset management, energy fiscal, and both conventional and alternate energy interests and industries is so high that even with the demise of PO, something has to be invented to keep oil prices high. Not a fundamental but treated that way by oil price analysts, US and European fiscal and monetary policy and its spinoff effects on USD/EUR parities and the gold price, create a bundle that is negative for oil prices going forward. The "traditional backstop" for overpriced oil - high gold prices - is under serious threat at this time, despite the supposed outlook for hyperinflation due to QE Infinity. In many ways as dire in its economic impacts, intense deflation is an emerging global macro trend. Gold prices are possibly or probably threatened by major correction, to a more stable price range around $1550 per ounce coherent with oil prices around $60 - $75 per barrel. This may only be a first stage in the "energy asset adjustment" process.

UNRELENTING DEMAND GROWTH
Both  Hubbert's theory, and PO theory post 2000 posited unrelenting growth of global oil demand, but certainly since 2005 or a little later, stagnation of global demand and regional decline of oil demand is the reality. This can rather easily spread to all other forms and types of energy - witnessed by the decline of natural gas demand in Europe, despite the certain prospect of more abundant supplies and lower prices, for a "low CO2 emitter" alternative to coal-fired power.

In the large oil consumer region of Europe, oil demand in 2012 is declining for its sixth straight consecutive year making it harder and harder to brush this off as a "transient trend" only due to economic crisis. Chinese oil demand growth which averaged about 9% a year for 1998-2008 is now set at close to 3.5% a year, with a similar and ongoing fall in oil demand growth rates for India. Energy shift away from oil is a powerful long-term trend. Using IEA data, the OECD group of countries in 1973 obtained about 53% of their total energy from oil; in 2011 they obtained about 35% from oil.

Olduvai Gorge theory may have been exciting, to Prince Charles or Bill Clinton, but other changes have happened and are happening in global energy in a global macroeconomic context that itself is changing very fast. These fundamental changes will continue to build going forward, making for the unsurprising forecast of further decline in oil's role in world energy, geopolitics and the economy. This role will gradually erode and fade as the oil price starts to converge, at a lower level, with prices for all other forms and types of energy. Like Hubbert's theory of the 1950s, and the PO theory of 1998-2008, the Olduvai Gorge theory posited ever declining world consumption of oil - dictated by supply side decline. Demand side decline is also possible, in fact current reality, but the mechanism and process of decline and shift, away from oil, are light years away from Olduvai Gorge.

By Andrew McKillop

Contact: xtran9@gmail.com

Former chief policy analyst, Division A Policy, DG XVII Energy, European Commission. Andrew McKillop Biographic Highlights

Co-author 'The Doomsday Machine', Palgrave Macmillan USA, 2012

Andrew McKillop has more than 30 years experience in the energy, economic and finance domains. Trained at London UK’s University College, he has had specially long experience of energy policy, project administration and the development and financing of alternate energy. This included his role of in-house Expert on Policy and Programming at the DG XVII-Energy of the European Commission, Director of Information of the OAPEC technology transfer subsidiary, AREC and researcher for UN agencies including the ILO.

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